Home
Definition
Startups
Program examples
Curricula
Training & TA
Evaluation
Regulation
Issues
CHW Bibliography

CHW Studies>>

Books and theses>>

Emergency Department Utilization>>

Nurse home visitation>>

CHW training>>

Other useful articles>>

CHW Studies

Adebayo AB. Characteristics, employment status, and scope of duties of community health representatives: a survey of graduates. Canadian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 86(1): 16-9 (Jan-Feb 1995).

Alcalay R, Alvarado M, Balcazar H, Newman E, Huerta E. Salud para su corazon: a community-based Latino cardiovascular disease prevention and outreach model. Journal of Community Health, Vol. 24(5): 359-79 (Oct. 1999).

Allen JK, Scott LB. Alternative models in the delivery of primary and secondary prevention programs. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 2003 Apr-Jun; 18(2):150-6.

Altpeter M, Earp JL, Bishop C, Eng E. Lay health advisor activity levels: definitions from the field. Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 26(4): 495-512 (August 1999).

Baker, Elizabeth A., et al. 1997. "The Latino Health Advocacy Program: A Collaborative Lay Health Advisor Approach." Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 24:4, pp. 495-509, August.

Boelens, Peter A., Kurt Kooyer, Andrew George, and Carolyn Newhof. "An Approach to Reducing Infant Mortality Rate Through the Utilization of Lay Home Visitors." Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 10, pp. 379-383. [105-CHW]

Barnes MD, Fairbanks J. Problem-based strategies promoting community transformation: Implications for the community health worker model. Family Health Journal, Vol. 20(1):54-65 (April 1997).

Barnes-Boyd C, Fordham Norr K, Nacion KW. Promoting infant health through home visiting by a nurse-managed community worker team. Public Health Nursing, Vol. 18(4):225-35 (Jul-Aug 2001)

Berkley-Patton J, Fawcett SB, Paine-Andrews A, Johns L. Developing capacities of youth as lay health advisors: a case study with high school students. Health Education and Behavior, Vol. 24(4): 481-94 (Aug. 1997).

Bird JA, McPhee SJ, Ha NT, Le B, Davis T, Jenkins CN. Opening pathways to cancer screening for Vietnamese-American women: lay health workers hold a key. Preventive Medicine, Vol. 27(6): 821-9 (Nov-Dec 1998).

Birkel RC, Golaszewski T, Koman JJ 3rd, Singh BK, Catan V, Souply K. Findings from the Horizontes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Education project: the impact of indigenous outreach workers as change agents for injection drug users. Health Education Quarterly, Vol. 20(4): 523-38 (Winter 1993).

Blumenthal C, Eng E, Thomas JC STEP sisters, sex, and STDs: a process evaluation of the recruitment of lay health advisors. American Journal of Health Promotion, Vol. 14(1): 4-6 (Sep-Oct. 1999).

Booker, Victoria K., et al. 1997. "Changes in Empowerment: Effect of Participation in a Lay Health Promotion Program." Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 24:4, pp. 452-464, August.

Braithwaite RL, Bianchi C, Taylor SE. Ethnographic approaches to community organization and health empowerment. Health Education Quarterly, Vol. 21(3): 407-416 (Fall 1994).

Bray, Martha L., and Linda H. Edwards. 1994. "A Primary Health Care Approach Using Hispanic Outreach Workers as Nurse Extenders." Public Health Nursing, Vol. 11:1, pp. 7-11. [12-CHW]

Brown, Sharon A., and Craig L. Hanis. 1995. "A Community-Based, Culturally Sensitive Education and Group-Support Intervention for Mexican Americans With NIDDM: a Pilot Study of Efficacy." The Diabetes Educator, Vol. 21:3, May/June. [4-D]

Brownstein JN, Cheal N, Ackermann SP, Bassford TL, Campos-Outcalt D. Breast and cervical cancer screening in minority populations: a model for using lay health educators. Journal of Cancer Education, Vol. 7(4): 321-6 (Winter 1992).

Bryant JH. Community health workers: the interface between communities and health care systems. WHO Chronicle, Vol. 32(4):144-8 (Apr. 1978).

Bureau of Primary Health Care. 1995. "Models That Work: The 1995 Compendium of Innovative Primary Health Care Programs for Underserved and Vulnerable Populations." HRSA (Health Resources & Services Administration). [Bound]

Butz AM, Malveaux FJ, Eggleston P, Thompson L, Schneider S, Weeks K, Huss K, Murigande C, Rand CS. Use of community health workers with inner-city children who have asthma. Clinical Pediatrics, Vol. 33(3): 135-41 (March 1994).

Castro FG, Elder J, Coe K, Tafoya-Barraza HM, Moratto S, Campbell N, Talavera G. Mobilizing churches for health promotion in Latino communities: Companeros en la Salud. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Monographs, Vol. 18: 127-35 (1995).

Cauffman, Joy, Willis A. Wingert, David B. Friedman, Edward A. Warburton, and Bernard Hanes. 1970. "Community Health Aides: How Effective Are They?" American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 60:10, pp. 1904-1909, October. [14-CHW]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 1994. "Community Health Advisors: Models, Research, and Practice- Selected Annotations-United States" Atlanta, GA: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. [2 vols., B]

Cesar, JA, Cavaletti, MA, deLima, GS and Houthausen, RS. “Can the Community Health Workers Reduce the Utilizaiton of Health Services for Children Under Five Years?” Research Paper No. 152: Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard School of Public Health. June 1998.

Chapman Jean, Earl Siegel, and Alan Cross. 1990. "Home Visitors and Child Health: Analysis of Selected Programs." Pediatrics. Vol. 85:6, pp. 1059-1068, June. [50-CHW]

Colombo, Theodore J., Donald K. Freeborn, John P. Mullooly, and Vicky R. Burnham.. 1979. "The Effect of Outreach Workers’ Educational Efforts On Disadvantaged Preschool Children’s Use of Preventive Services.", American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 69:5, pp. 465-468, May. [19-CHW]

Cufino Svitone E, Garfield R, Vasconcelos MI, Araujo Craveiro V. Primary health care lessons from the northeast of Brazil: the Agentes de Saude Program. Pan American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 7(5): 293-302 (May 2000).

Dawson P, van Doorninck WJ, Robinson JL. Effects of home-based, informal social support on child health. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1989;10:63-7.

Earp JA, Viadro CI, Vincus AA, Altpeter M, Flax V, Mayne L, Eng E. Lay health advisors: a strategy for getting the word out about breast cancer. Health Education and Behavior, Vol. 24(4): 432-51 (Aug. 1997).

Eng, Eugenia, Edith Parker, and Christina Harlan. 1997. "Lay Health Advisor Intervention Strategies: A Continuum From Natural Helping to Paraprofessional Helping." Health Education & Behavior, Vol.24:4, pp. 413-417, August. [24-CHW]

--------------, and Edith Parker. 1994. "Measuring Community Competence in the Mississippi Delta: the Interface Between Program Evaluation and Empowerment." Health Education Quarterly, Vol. 21:2, pp. 199-220, Summer. [92-CHW]

--------------, and Rebecca Young. 1992. "Lay health advisors as community change agents." Family & Community Health, Vol. 15:1, pp. 24-40, April. [25-CHW]

Fedder DO, Chang RJ, Curry S, Nichols G. The effectiveness of a community health worker outreach program on healthcare utilization of west Baltimore City Medicaid patients with diabetes, with or without hypertension. Ethnicity and Disease 2003 Winter; 13(1):22-7.

Fedorak SA. A nontraditional work/training program for community health workers. Educational Gerontology, Vol. 13(3):239-48 (1987).

Flax VL, Earp JL. Counseled women's perspectives on their interactions with lay health advisors: a feasibility study. Health Education Research, Vol. 14(1): 15-24 (Feb. 1999).

Frye, Richard. “Medicaid MCO members require extra attention.” Health Care News Server, January 8, 1998.

Fuller J. Challenging old notions of professionalism: how can nurses work with paraprofessional ethnic health workers? Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 22(3): 465-72 (Sep. 1995).

General Accounting Office (GAO). July 1990. "Home Visiting: A Promising Early Intervention Strategy for At-Risk Families." Washington DC. A report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, US Senate: GAO/HRD-90-83. [31-CHW]

Gerber, Joseph C. and Stewart, David L. “Prevention and Control of Hypertension and Diabetes in an Underserved Population Through Community Outreach and Disease Management: A Plan of Action.” BlackHealthCare.com, 1998 (www.blackheathcare.com/BHC/Articles/GerberStewartArticle.asp)

Giblin, Paul T. 1989. "Effective Utilization and Evaluation of Indigenous Health Care Workers." Public Health Reports, Vol. 104:4, pp. 361-368, July-August. [32-CHW]

Harrison Institute for Public Law & Civic Health Institute. May 1997. "Community Health Worker Programs: A Leadership Brief on Community Preventive Health." Washington, DC & Dorchester, MA. [36-CHW]

Heins HC, Nance NW, Ferguson JE. Social support in improving perinatal outcome: the Resource Mothers Program. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:263-6.

Hiatt RA, Pasick RJ, Stewart S, Bloom J, Davis P, Gardiner P, Johnston M, Luce J, Schorr K, Brunner W, Stroud F. Community-based cancer screening for underserved women: design and baseline findings from the breast and cervical cancer intervention study. Preventive Medicine, Vol. 33(3):190-203 (Sep. 2001).

Hiatt, Susan W., Darlene Sampson, and Diane Baird. 1997. "Paraprofessional Home Visitation: Conceptual and Pragmatic Considerations." Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 25:1, pp. 77-93, January. [37-CHW]

Hill, Martha N., Lee R. Bone, Arlene M. Butz. 1996. "Enhancing the Role of Community-Health Workers in Research." Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 28:3, pp. 221-226, Fall. [109-CHW]

Hoff, Wilbur. 1969. "Role of the Community Health Aide in Public Health Programs. Public Health Reports, Vol. 84:11, pp. 998-1002, November. [23-CHW]

Ireland M, Krauss BJ. Women find their voices. The success of community outreach and case finding. N and HC Perspectives on Community, Vol. 18(2): 62-7 (Mar-Apr 1997).

Jackson, Ethel J., and Carolyn Parks. 1997. "Recruitment and Training Issues From Selected Lay Health Advisor Programs Among African Americans: A 20 Year Perspective." Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 24:4, pp. 418-431, August. [107-CHW]

Jenkins S. Community wellness: a group model for rural America. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, Vol. 1(4): 388-404 (Spring 1991).

Kelly E, McFarlane J, Rodriguez R, Fehir J. Community health organizing: whom are we empowering? Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, Vol. 4(4):358-62 (1993).

Kelly JM, Osamba B, Garg RM, Hamel MJ, Lewis JJ, Rowe SY, Rowe AK, Deming MS. Community health worker performance in the management of multiple childhood illnesses: Siaya District, Kenya, 1997-2001. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 91(10):1617-24 (Oct. 2001).

Kent, James A., and C. Harvey Smith. 1967. "Involving The Urban Poor in Health Services Through Accommodation- The Employment of Neighborhood Representatives." American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 57:6, pp. 997-1003, June. [83-CHW]

Khanchandani R, Gillam S. The ethnic minority linkworker: a key member of the primary health care team? British Journal of General Practice. Vol. 49(449): 993-4 (Dec. 1999).

Klein NA, Sondag KA, Drolet JC. Understanding volunteer peer health educators' motivations: applying social learning theory. Journal of American College Health, Vol. 43(3):126-30 (Nov. 1994).

Krieger J, Collier C, Song L, Martin D. Linking community-based blood pressure measurement to clinical care: a randomized controlled trial of outreach and tracking by community health workers. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 89(6): 856-61 (June 1999).

Kupferberg, Herbert. 1997. "They Teach Others How To Take Care." Parade Magazine, December 21, pp. 6-7. [45-CHW]

Lacey L, Tukes S, Manfredi C, Warnecke RB. Use of lay health educators for smoking cessation in a hard-to-reach urban community. Journal of Community Health, Vol. 16(5): 269-82 (Oct. 1991).

Leeper JD, Nagy C, Hullett S. The Rural Alabama Pregnancy and Infant Health (RAPIH) Program. Presented at the American Public Health Association meeting; 1988; Boston, MA

Love, Mary Beth, Kristen Gardner, and Vicki Legion. 1997. "Community Health Workers: Who They Are and What They Do." Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 24:4, pp. 510-522, August.

Maurana, Cheryl A. Strategies for Developing a Community Health Advocate Program. Family & Community Health, Vol. 23(1):40 (April 2000).

May, Kathleen M., Fern McLaughlin, and Mary Penner. 1991. "Preventing Low Birth Weight: Marketing and Volunteer Outreach." Public Health Nursing, Vol. 8:2, pp. 97-104, June.

May KM, Mendelson C, Ferketich S. Community empowerment in rural health care. Public Health Nursing, Vol. 12(1): 25-30 (Feb. 1995).

McCormmick, MC, Deal, LW, Devaney, BL, Chu, D, Moreno, L, and Raykovich, KT. The Impact n Clients of a Community-Based Infant Mortality Reduction Program: The National Healthy Start Program Survey of Post-Partum Women. American Journal of Public Health, December 2001, 91(12).

McQuiston C, Flaskerud JH. "If they don't ask about condoms, I just tell them": a descriptive case study of Latino lay health advisers' helping activities. Health Education and Behavior, 2003 Feb; 30(1):79-96.

Meister, Warrick, Jill Zapién, and Anita Wood. 1992. "Using Lay Health Workers: Case Study of a Community-Based Prenatal Intervention." Journal of Community Health, Vol. 17:1, pp. 37-51, February. [54-CHW]

Melville B, Fidler T, Mehan D, Bernard E, Mullings J. Growth monitoring: the role of community health volunteers. Public Health, Vol. 109(2): 111-6 (March 1995).

Milligan, Sharon, Patricia Maryland, Henry Ziegler, and Anna Ward. 1987. "Natural Helpers as Street Health Workers Among the Black Urban Elderly." The Gerontologist, Vol. 27:6, pp.712-715. [84-CHW]

Musser-Granski J, Carrillo DF. The use of bilingual, bicultural paraprofessionals in mental health services: issues for hiring, training, and supervision. Community Mental Health Journal, Vol. 33(1): 51-60 (Feb. 1997).

Navarro AM, Senn KL, McNicholas LJ, Kaplan RM, Roppe B, Campo MC. Por La Vida model intervention enhances use of cancer screening tests among Latinas. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 15(1): 32-41 (July 1998).

O’Hara-Devereaux M., W. Reeves and E. Curtis. 1980. "The Alaskan Health Aide; A Successful Model of Family and Community Health." Aspen System Corporation, pp. 71-84. August [59-CHW]

Parker EA, Schulz AJ, Israel BA, Hollis R. Detroit's East Side Village Health Worker Partnership: community-based lay health advisor intervention in an urban area. Health Education and Behavior, Vol. 25(1): 24-45 (Feb. 1998).

Patton S. Empowering women: improving a community's health. Nursing Management, Vol. 26(8): 36-7, 41 (Aug. 1995).

Perino SS. Nike-Footed health workers deal with the problems of adolescent pregnancy. Public Health Reports, Vol. 107(2): 208-12 (Mar-Apr 1992).

Pew Health Professions Commission. April 1994. "Community Health Workers: Integral Yet Often Overlooked Members of the Health Care Workforce." UCSC Center for the Health Professions, San Francisco, CA. [60-CHW]

Poland, Marilyn L., Paul T. Giblin, John B. Waller, Jr., and Irene S. Bayer. 1991. "Development of a Paraprofessional Home Visiting Program for Low-Income Mothers and Infants." American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 7:4, pp. 204-207. [76-CHW]

Poss JE. Providing culturally competent care: is there a role for health promoters? Nursing Outlook, Vol. 47(1): 306 (Jan-Feb 1999).

Practice notes: Strategies in health education. Program: Promoting disease prevention communication and education through promotoras: the hantavirus training partnership. Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 27(6):679-680, December 2000.

Ramirez-Valles J. Changing women: the narrative construction of personal change through community health work among women in Mexico. Health Education and Behavior, Vol. 26(1): 25-42 (Feb. 1999).

Ramirez-Valles, J. "I was not invited to be a [CHW]... I asked to be one": motives for community mobilization among women community health workers in Mexico. Health Education and Behavior, Vol. 28(2): 150-165 (April 2001).

Ramirez-Valles J. Promoting health, promoting women: the construction of female and professional identities in the discourse of community health workers. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 47(11): 1749-62 (Dec. 1998).

Ramos IN, May M, Ramos KS. Environmental health training of promotoras in colonias along the Texas-Mexico border. Am J Public Health. 2001 Apr;91(4):568-70.

Research to support household and community IMCI. Report of a meeting, 22-24 January 2001, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, Vol. 19(2):S111-48 (June, 2001).

Rodney M, Clasen C, Goldman G, Markert R, Deane D. Three evaluation methods of a community health advocate program. Journal of Community Health, Vol. 23(5): 371-81 (Oct. 1998).

Roman LA, Lindsay JK, Moore JS, Shoemaker AL. Community health workers: examining the helper therapy principle. Public Health Nursing, Vol. 16(2): 87-95 (April 1999).

Ross H. Reaching rural communities. Border vision fronteriza: tapping into community workers and volunteers. Closing the Gap. 2000 March, page 9. http://www.omhrc.gov/OMH/sidebar/archivedctg.htm

Ross H. Vietnamese women and cervical cancer: lay health workers can help change behaviors. Closing the Gap. 2000 August, page 4. http://www.omhrc.gov/OMH/sidebar/archivedctg.htm

Ruebush TK 2nd, Weller SC, Klein RE. Qualities of an ideal volunteer community malaria worker: a comparison of the opinions of community residents and national malaria service staff. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 39(1): 123-31 (July 1994).

San Sebastian M, Goicolea I, Narvaez M. Improving immunization coverage in rural areas of Ecuador: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Tropical Doctor, Vol. 31: 21-24 (January 2001).

Schulz AJ, Israel BA, Becker AB, Hollis RM. "It's a 24-hour thing ... a living-for-each-other concept": identity, networks, and community in an urban village health worker project. Health Education and Behavior, Vol. 24(4): 465-80 (Aug. 1997).

Seedco. October 1995. "Jobs and Economic Development: Capitalizing on Opportunities in the Health Care Sector." New York. A report for The Annie E. Casey Foundation.

---------. 1997. "Community Health Workers: a Promising Strategy for Community-Based Employment in Health." New York. A report for The Annie E. Casey Foundation.

Sherer JL. Neighbor to neighbor. Community health workers educate their own. Hospitals and Health Networks, Vol. 68(20): 52-6 (Oct. 20, 1994).

Sherer JL. Bringing providers to the people. Alaska and a Florida county blaze new trails in non-physician care delivery. Hospitals and Health Networks, Vol. 68(3): 56-60 (Feb. 5, 1994).

Stubner, Alex. Home remediation for Respiratory Health: A Feasibility Study. Family and Community Health, January 2000.

Sung JF, Blumenthal DS, Coates RJ, Williams JE, Alema-Mensah E, Liff JM. Effect of a cancer screening intervention conducted by lay health workers among inner-city women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol.13(1): 51-7 (Jan-Feb 1997).

Swider, Susan M. Outcome Effectiveness of Community Health Workers: An Integrative Literature Review. Public Health Nursing 19(1):11-20 Jan-Feb 2002.

Swider, Susan M., and Beverly J. McElmurry. 1990. "A women’s health perspective in primary health care: A nursing and community health worker demonstration project in urban America." Family and Community Health, Vol. 13:3, pp. 1-17, November. [66-CHW]

Taha AZ. How to make the most of village health promoters. World Health Forum, Vol. 18(3-4): 278-81 (1997).

Twinn, S., et al. “The evaluation of the effectiveness of health education interventions in clinical practice: a continuing methodological challenge.” J Adv Nurs 2001 Apr, 34(2):230-7.

Visser, Laura, and Evangelina Montoya. January 1998. "Impact of Community Health Workers on Access, Use of Services and Patient Knowledge/Behavior." Study conducted by Center for Health Policy Research, George Washington University Medical Center for Bureau of Primary Health Care, HRSA. [104-CHW]

Warrick, Louise H., Anita H. Wood, Joel S. Meister, and Jill G. de Zapien. 1992. "Evaluation of a Peer Health Worker Prenatal Outreach and Education Program for Hispanic Farmworker Families." Journal of Community Health, Vol. 17:1, pp. 13-26. [72-CHW]

WHO Study Group. 1989. "Strengthening the Performance of Community Health Workers in Primary Health Care." World Health Organization Technical Report Series 780. [75-CHW]

Williams DM. La Promotora Linking disenfranchised residents along the border to the U.S. health care system. Health Affairs, Vol. 20(3):212-218 (2001).

Williams, Florence, and Patience E. Akinosho. 1996. "The Community Health Worker Training Program: Evaluation Report." Newark, NJ: Partnership for A Healthy Community. Prepared for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. [Bound]

Witmer, Anne, Sarena D. Seifer, Leonard Finocchio, Jodi Leslie, and Edward H. O’Neil. 1995. "Community Health Workers: Integral Members of the Health Care Work Force." American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 85:8, pp. 1055-1058, August. [78-CHW]

Wolff, M, Young, S and Maurana, CA. Community Advocates in Public Housing. American Journal of Public Health, December 2001, 91(12).

Zuvekas A, Nolan L, Tumaylle C, Griffin L. Impact of community health workers on access, use of services, and patient knowledge and behavior. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, Vol. 22(4): 33-44 (October 1999).

Books and theses

Buchanan, Tommie Jo. Health promotion behaviors of Mexican American adults participating in a Promotoras project. Thesis (M.S.N.)--Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, August, 1999, 76 pages. [Contact Texas Tech library to borrow a copy - http://www.lib.ttuhsc.edu/.]

Callen, William B. The competency and effectiveness of community health workers: a small sample study of motivation and personality, 1983, 176 pages [Dissertation: (Ph.D.) University of Washington].

Center for Policy Alternatives. Community Health Workers A Leadership Brief on Preventive Health Programs. November 1998. [Center for Policy Alternatives, http://www.cfpa.org]

Cesar, Juraci A; Cavaletti, Marcelo A; de Lima, Gustavo S; Houthausen, Ricardo S. Can the Community Health Workers Reduce the Utilization of Health Services for Children Under Five Years. Research Paper No. 152 (Cambridge, MA: Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard School of Public Health) 1998, 19 pages. [Located on the internet at http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/takemi/rp151.pdf Adobe Acrobat 67KB]

The community health worker: working guide, guidelines for training, guidelines for adaptation. (Geneva : World Health Organization), 1987, 463 pages. [TDH call number: W 21.5 C734 1987]

Impact of community health workers on access, use of services, and patient knowledge and behavior. [Evaluation bulletin # 1] (Bethesda, MD: Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Primary Health Care), 1998, 16 pages.

Interfaith Health Program The Carter Center. Starting Point Empowering Communities to Improve Health. 1997. [Contact IHP for more information: http://www.ihpnet.org/]

Kahssay, Haile Mariam; Taylor, Mary E.; and Bermana, Peter A. Community health workers: the way forward (Geneva: World Health Organization), 1998, 73 pages. [TDH call number: W 21.5 K12c 1998]

May-Garcia, Stephanie Ann. Indigenous lay health workers in rural Arizona, 1997, 105 pages, [Thesis, M.S. Nursing - University of Arizona]

Prysor-Jones, Suzanne G. Contrasting models of change : the case of community health workers, 1985, 199 pages [Analytic paper (Ed. D.)--Harvard Graduate School of Education].

The role of volunteers in community care: a set of guidelines for health boards and local authorities. (Stirling : Volunteer Development Scotland), 1995, 16 pages.

Taylor, Marilyn, Langan, Joan., Hoggett, Paul. Encouraging diversity: voluntary & private organizations in community care. (Aldershot, England: Arena), 1995, 103 pages.

Tender loving caregivers: how-to manual on developing congregation based services for older adults & family caregivers. (East Chicago, IN: Tri-City Community Mental Health Center], 1987, 99 pages.

University of Arizona. A Summary of the National Community Health Advisor Study. June 1998.

University of Arizona. Weaving the Future: The Final Report of the National Community Health Advisor Study, June 1998, 144 pages.

Werner, David. Where there is no doctor: a village health care handbook. Revised edition (1992). Palo Alto, CA: The Hesperian Foundation, 1977.

____________ and Bill Bower. Helping health workers learn. Palo Alto, CA: The Hesperian Foundation, 1982.

Other

Emergency Department Utilization

Baker, David W., Carl D. Stevens, and Robert H. Brook. 1995. "Determinants of Emergency Department Use by Ambulatory Patients at an Urban Public Hospital." Annuals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 25:3, pp. 311-316, March. [2-ED]

Brown, Robert S., Managing Editor. 1997. "Primary Care Referral Program Reduces ER Use While Increasing M.D. Office Visits." The Medicaid Letter, (ISSN #1083-5113), pp. 2+, February. [6-ED]

Buesching, Don P., Alexander Jablonowski, Ernest Vesta, William Dilts, Charles Runge, Johanna Lund, and Robert Porter. 1985. "Inappropriate Emergency Department Visits." Annuals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 14:7, pp. 672-676, July. [10-ED]

Burnett, Mark G., and Steven A. Grover. 1996. "Use of the Emergency Department for Nonurgent Care During Regular Business Hours." Can Med Assoc J, Vol 159:9, pp. 1345-1351, May. [11-ED]

Chande, V.T., N. Wyss, and V. Exum. 1996. "Educational Interventions to Alter Pediatric Emergency Department Utilization Patterns." Archives of Pediatric Adolescents. Vol. 150, pp. 525-528, May. [17-ED]

Cooke, Janette, and Kathleen Finneran. 1994. "A Clearing in the Crowd: Innovations in Emergency Services." United Hospital Fund, Paper Series, January. [100-ED]

Derlet, Robert W., and Denyse A. Nishio. 1990. "Refusing Care to Patients Who Present to an Emergency Department." Annuals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 19:3, pp. 262-267, March. [21-ED]

Eagle, D. Joan, Elizabeth Rideout, Pamela Price, Cathy McCann and Elizabeth Wonnacott. 1993. Research "Misuse of the emergency department by the elderly population: Myth or reality?" Journal of Emergency Nursing, Vol, 19:3, pp. 212-218. [22-ED]

Gill, James M. 1994. "Nonurgent Use of the Emergency Department: Appropriate or Not?" Annuals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 24:5, pp. 953-957, November. [33-ED]

-------------------, and Anne W. Riley. 1996. "Nonurgent Use of Hospital Emergency Departments: Urgency from the Patient’s Perspective." The Journal of Family Practice, Vol. 34:5, pp. 491-496, May. [34-ED]

Halfon, Neal, Paul W. Newacheck, David L. Wood, and Robert F. St. Peter. 1996. "Routine Emergency Department Use for Sick Care by Children in the United States." Pediatrics, Vol. 98:1, pp.28-34, July. [35-ED]

Lehmann, Christoph U., Jane Barr, and Patricia J. Kelly. 1994. "Emergency Department Utilization by Adolescents." Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol. 15:6, pp. 485-490. [47-ED]

Mitchell TA. 1994. "Nonurgent Emergency Department Visits- Whose Definition?" Annuals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 24:5, pp. 961-963, November. [55-ED]

O’Brien, Gail M., Marc J. Shapiro, Robert W. Woolard, Patricia S. O’Sullivan, and Michael D. Stein. 1996. "’Inappropriate’ Emergency Department Use: A Comparison of Three Methodologies for Identification." Academic Emergency Medicine, Vol. 3:3, pp. 252-257, March. [58-ED]

O'Shea, John S; Collins, Edward W; and Pezzullo, John C. "An Attempt to Influence Health Care Visits of Frequent Hospital Emergency Facility Users." Clinical Pediatrics. October 1984, 23:10, 559-562.

Schechter, Cathy and Dunkelberg, Anne. Out of the Emergency Room: Communicating Healthcare Options to Low Income Texans. Austin: Seton Healthcare Network, July 2002.

Tyrance, Patrick H., David U. Himmelstein, and Steffie Woolhandler. 1996. "U.S. Emergency Department Costs: No Emergency." Am J Public Health, Vol. 86:11, pp. 1527-1531, November.

Williams, Robert M. 1996. "The Costs of Visits to Emergency Departments." The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 334:10, pp. 642-646, March 7. [77-ED]

Young, Gary P., Michele B. Wagner, Arthur L. Kellermann, Jack Ellis, and Doug Bouley.. 1996. "Ambulatory Visits to Hospital Emergency Departments: Patterns and Reasons for Use." JAMA, Vol. 276:6, pp. 460-465, August 14. [81-ED]

CHW training

Abbatt, Fred R ., McMahon, Rosemary. Teaching health-care workers: a practical guide. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan), 1985, 249 pages.

Johnston, Mary P., Rifkin, Susan B. Health care together: training exercises for health workers in community based programmes (London: Macmillan Publishers), 1987, 120 pages.

Morgan CJ, Deutschmann PW. An evolving model for training and education in resource-poor settings: teaching health workers to fish. The Medical Journal of Australia, 2003 Jan 6; 178(1):21-5.

Nurse home visitation

Kitzman Harriet J., Olds DL, Henderson CR Jr, et al. Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997;278:644-52.

----------------------, Robert Cole, and H. Lorrie Yoos. 1997. "Challenges Experienced by Home Visitors: A Qualitative Study of Program Implementation." Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 25:1, pp. 95-109, January. [44-CHW]

Olds David L, Eckenrode J, Henderson CR Jr, Kitzman H, et al. Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. A fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA 1997;278:637-43.

-----------------, and Harriet Kitzman. "Can Home Visitation Improve the Health of Women and Children at Environmental Risk?" Pediatrics. July 1990, 86:1, 108-116.

-----------------; Henderson, Charles R; and Kitzman, Harriet. "Does Prenatal and Infancy Nurse Home Visitation Have Enduring Effects on Qualities of Parental Caregiving and Child Health at 25 to 50 Months of Life?" Pediatrics. January 1994, 93:1, 89-98.

-----------------; Henderson, Charles R; Chamberlain, Robert Jr; and Tatelbaum, Robert. "Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect: A Randomized Trial of Nurse Home Visitation." Pediatrics. July 1986, 78:1, 65-78.

-----------------; Henderson, Charles R; Tatelbaum, Robert; and Chamberlain Robert. "Improving the Life-Course Development of Socially Disadvantaged Mothers: A Randomized Trial of Nurse Home Visitation." American Journal of Public Health. November 1988, 78:11, 1436-1445.


Other useful articles

“Ten Who Made a Difference: Sylvia Ornelas.” Santa Fe New Mexican, September 16, 2001.

"25% of 27 Million Hospital Operations Called Unnecessary." Press release, Business Wire via NewsEdge Corporation, March 3, 1998. [97-H]

“Lay Home Educators Help Meet the Challenge of a Changing American Health Care System:Trend to Broader Responsibilities.” Press release, PR Newswire, November 11, 1997.

"Managed Care and Nursing- Is the sky really falling?" Front & Center- Leading the Health Professions into the Next Century, Vol.2:1, Summer. [90-HMO]

AHEC Community Partners. 1998. "If We Have the Money, Why Is It So Hard? Children’s Health Care Access in 1998." Amherst, MA: AHEC/Community Partners, January 1998.

Alpha Center. Undated. "The Medicaid Expansions for Pregnant Women and Children." Produced for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Changes in Health Care Financing and Organization Program. [1-WC]

Brown, Sharon A. 1990. "Studies of Educational Interventions and Outcomes in Diabetic Adults: A Meta-Analysis Revisited." Patient Education and Counseling, Vol. 16, pp. 189-215. [7-D]

---------------------. 1992. "Meta-Analysis of Diabetes Patient Education Research: Variations in Intervention Effects across Studies." Research in Nursing & Health, Vol. 15, pp. 409-419. [8-D]

---------------------, and Larry V. Hedges. 1994. "Predicting Metabolic Control in Diabetes: A Pilot Study Using Meta-Analysis To Estimate a Linear Model." Nursing Research, Vol. 43:6, pp. 362-368, November/December. [5-D]

---------------------, Sally P. Duchin, and Evangelina T. Villagomez.. 1992. "Diabetes Education in a Mexican-American Population: Pilot Testing of a Research-Based Videotape." The Diabetes Educator, Vol. 18:1, pp. 47-51, January/February. [3-D]

---------------------, Sandra Upchurch, Roberta Anding, Mary Winter, and Gilbert Ramirez. 1996. "Promoting Weight Loss in Type II Diabetes." Diabetes Care, Vol. 19:6, pp. 613-624, June. [9-D]

Browngoehl, Kevin, Kathleen Kennedy, Karol Krotki, and Hugh Mainzer. Increasing Immunization: A Medicaid Managed Care Model. Pediatrics 99(1) January 1997, p. e4. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/99/1/e4. [89-I/89MMC]

Butler, Patricia. July 1993. "The Role of Publicly-Funded Providers under a Reformed Health Care System." Washington, DC. Prepared for the Kaiser Commission on the Future of Medicaid.

Campbell, Janis M., and Jeanette Lancaster. 1988. "Communicating Effectively with Older Adults." Family & Community Health, Vol. 11:3, pp. 74-85, November. [13-E]

Carpenter, Mary Brecht, and Laura Kavanaugh. 1998. "Outreach to Children: Moving From Enrollment to Ensuring Access." National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health (for HRSA) March 1998.

Center For The Future Of Children, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Los Altos, CA.
The Future of Children: [Bound]
"U.S. Health Care For Children," Vol. 2:2- Winter 1992
"School Linked Services," Vol. 2:1- Spring 1992
"Health Care Reform," Vol. 3:2- Summer/Fall 1993
"Home Visiting," Vol. 3:3- Winter 1993
"Critical Health Issues For Children And Youth," Vol. 4:3- Winter 1994.
"Critical Issues For Children And Youths," Vol. 5:2- Summer/Fall 1995
"Low Birth Weight," Vol. 5:1- Spring 1995
"Financing Child Care," Vol. 6:2- Summer/Fall 1996
"Welfare To Work," Vol. 7:1- Spring 1997
"Children And Poverty," Vol. 7:2- Summer/Fall 1997
"Financing Schools," Vol. 7:3- Winter 1997

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. "Special Focus: Public Health and Managed Care." Chronic disease notes & reports, Vol. 10:1, Spring/Summer. [15-MC]

-----------------------------------------------------. 1995. "Prevention and Managed Care: Opportunities for Managed Care Organizations, Purchasers of Health Care, and Public Health Agencies." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 44 (No. RR-14), November 17. [16-MC]

Eng, Parker. "Measuring Community Competence in the Mississippi Delta: the Interface Between Program Evaluation and Empowerment." Health Education Quarterly Summer 1994; 21:2;199-220.

Family Health Outcomes Project, Univ. of California. 1991. "Selecting Health Indicators For Public Health Surveillance In A Changing Health Care Environment." San Francisco. Prepared for Maternal and Child Health Bureau, HRSA (Health Resources & Services Administration). [Bound]

Fangman, John J., Peter M. Mark, Leslie Pratt, Kathleen K. Conway, Margaret L. Healey, John W. Oswald, and Donald L. Uden. 1994. "Prematurity prevention programs: An analysis of successes and failures." Am J Obstet Gynecol, Vol. 170:3, pp. 744-750, March. [26-WC]

Fishman, Paula. 1994. "Detecting malnutrition’s warning signs with simple screening tools." Geriatrics, Vol. 49:10, pp, 39-45, October. [27-E]

Freudenberg, Eng, Brain Flay, Guy Parcel, Todd Rogers, and Nina Wallerstein. 1995. "Strengthening Individual and Community Capacity to Prevent Disease and Promote Health: In Search of Relevant Theories and Principles." Health Education Quarterly, Vol. 22:3, pp. 290-306, August. [28]

Freund, Deborah A., and Jellinek, Paul S. 1983. "Financing and Cost Containment for Personal Health Services in the 1980s," (Chapter 2), pp. 43-64. Policy Issues In Personal Health Services, Rockville, Md., Aspen Systems Corporation. [29]

Frye, Richard. 1998. "Medicaid MCO members require extra attention. Health Care News Server, Thursday, January 8. [93-MMC]

Gadomski, Anne, Paul Jenkins and Melissa Nichols. 1998. "Impact of a Medicaid Primary Care Provider and Preventive Care on Pediatric Hospitalization." Pediatrics, Vol. 101:3, 10 pp. March. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/3/e1 [102-MMC]

Gales, Suzanne E. 1996. "Managed Community Health: An Integrated Health Model." Journal of Health Care Finance,Vol 23:1, pp. 48-56, Fall. [94-MMC]

Gold, Marsha, Michael Sparer, and Karyen Chu. 1996. "Medicaid Managed Care: Lessons From Five States." Health Affairs, Vol. 15:3, pp. 153-166, Fall. [53-MC]

Hurley, Robert E., and Susan Wallin.1998. "Adopting and Adapting Managed Care for Medicaid Beneficiaries: An Imperfect Translation." The Urban Institute, Occasional Paper Number 7, June. [108-MC]

“Inpatient Care for Mothers and Newborns." Milliman & Robertson, Inc., HSIM Extract #1.

INTRACORP. January 1998. "Personal health: Who’s taking charge?" [110-CI]

Irvine, Patrick W., Jane L. Murray, and Donald F. Pochyly. 1990. "Preventive Care After 65." Patient Care, March 15. [39-E]

Jönsson, Bengt G. 1994. "Cost-benefit of Treating Hypertension." Journal of Hypertension, Vol. 12 (suppl 10), pp. S65-S70. [41-C]

Julnes, George, Margaret Konefal, Wolfgang Pindur, and Pan Kim. 1994. "Community-based Prenatal Care for Disadvantaged Adolescents: Evaluation of the Resource Mothers Program." Journal of Community Health, Vol. 19:1, pp. 41-53, February. [42-WC]

Kaiser Commission On The Future Of Medicaid, The. Background papers, Washington DC. Prepared for the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation:
Lipson, Debra. October 1992. "Lessons from the States: Delivering Effective Primary and Preventive Health Care to Women and Children."
"Elements of Effective Health Service Delivery for the Low Income Population." February 1993.
Rosenbaum, Sara, and Anne Dievler. February 1993. "Providing Primary Health Care to Medicaid Beneficiaries: Key Elements of Effective Programs."
"Medicaid and Managed Care." June 1995. [43-MC]
KPMG Peat Marwick, and Northwestern University. 1998. "Consumerism in Health Care: New Voices." New Voices. [111-CI]

Lacroix, Mary, and Darwin G. Goodspeed. 1997. "Solutions For Medicaid Managed Care Implementation Through Reengineering The Enrollment Process." Prepared for Medicaid Managed Care Advisory Committee, in coordination with the Greater San Antonio Hospital Council. April. [46-MC]

Lesser, Cara, and Peter Cunningham. 1997. "Access to Care: Is It Improving or Declining?" Data Bulletin, Center for Studying Health System Change, p. 7, Fall. [48]

Levin, Jeffrey S., 1984. "The Role of The Black Church in Community Medicine." Journal of The National Medical Assn., Vol. 76:5, pp. 477-483. [82]

Lewis-Idema, Deborah. 1992. "Monitoring Medicaid Provider Participation and Access to Care." Health Policy Studies Center for Policy Research, National Governors Assn. [49]

McCormack, Lauren A., Jenny A. Schnaier, A. James Lee, and Steven A. Garfikel. 1996. "Medicare Beneficiary Counseling Programs: What Are They and Do They Work?" Health Care Financing Review, Vol.18:1, pp. 127-140, Fall. [52]

McGee, Jeanne, Shoshanna Sofaer, and Barbara Kreling. July 1996. "Medicare and Medicaid Consumer Information Projects: Findings From Focus Groups." July 1996. Washington, DC: NCQA (National Committee for Quality Assurance). [Bound]

Meyer, Jack A., and Nancy S. Bagby. 1998. "Beyond Enrollment: Are SCHIP Plans Linking Children to Quality Health Care?" Published by New Directions for Policy, Washington, DC, May 1998; funded by Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines.

Montgomery, Debbie L., Patricia L. Splett. 1997. "Economic benefit of breast-feeding infants enrolled in WIC." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 97:4, pp. 379-385, April.

National Health Law Program, Inc and Gecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research. December 1996. "Making The Consumers’ Voice Heard in Medicaid Managed Care: Increasing Participation, Protection and Satisfaction- Report on Required and Voluntary Mechanisms." Funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts and The Center for Health Care Strategies. [Bound]

Neri, M., et. al. 1996. "Economic analysis of two structured treatment and teaching programs on asthma." Allergy, Vol. 51, pp. 313-319. [112-A]

O’Brien, Bernie, and Amiram Gafni. 1996. "When Do the ‘Dollars’ Make Sense?: Toward a Conceptual Framework for Contingent Valuation Studies in Health Care." Med Decis Making, Vol. 16:3, pp. 288-299 July-September. [57-C]

Redfoot, Donald L. 1991. "Coordinating Housing and Services for the Elderly." Caring Magazine, pp. 44-51, May. [61-E]

Riportella-Muller, Roberta. January 1998. "Using a Model to Evaluate the Impact of Managed Care on Medicaid-Eligible Moms and Their Children in a Rural Population." Institute for Research on Poverty: Discussion Paper no. 1155-98. http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/ [62-MC]

--------------------------------, Maija L. Selby-Harrington, Lenora A. Richardson, Patricia L. N. Donat, Kathryn J. Luchok, and Dana Quade. 1996. "Barriers to the Use of Preventive Health Care Services for Children." Public Health Reports, Vol. III, pp. 71-77, January/February. [96-P]

Rivera, Lourdes, Carol Regan, and Sara Rosenbaum. January 1995. "Managed Care and Children’s Health: An Analysis of Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Services Under State Medicaid Managed Care Contracts." Children’s Defense Fund. [B-MMC]

Ross, Michael G., Meenu Sandhu, Rose Bemis, Sharon Nessim, J. Robert Bragonier, and Calvin Hobel. 1994. "The West Los Angeles Preterm Birth Prevention Project: II. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of High-Risk Pregnancy Interventions." Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 83:4, pp, 506-511, April. [63-C]

Rowland, Diane. August 1, 1995. "Medicaid: Challenges and Choices in Health Care for the Poor." Testimony before the Committee on Commerce, United States House of Representatives, Hearing on Perspectives on the Transformation of the Medicaid Program." Washington, DC: prepared by the Kaiser Commission on The Future of Medicaid. Published by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. [86-M]

Rupp, Agnes. 1995. "The Economic Consequences of not Treating Depression." British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 166:suppl.27, pp. 29-33. [87]

Spong, Frederick W., and Dennis J. Hulet. 1997. "Health Status Improvement and Management: Center for the Health Professions, The (at the University of California, San Francisco)

Stuehler. 1996. "A Collection of Best Practices of Managed Care Organizations. The results of a survey by the Health Care Financing Administration Office of Managed Care." U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Bar code PB96-189279 [Bound]

Szwabo, Peggy A., and John J. Stretch. 1993. "Autonomy and Care for the Frail Elderly." Health Progress, pp. 50,51, & 64, May. [67-E]

Taitel, Michael S., Harry Kotses, Leonard Bernstein, David I. Bernstein, and Thomas L. Creer. 1995. "A self-management program for adult asthma. Part II: Cost-benefit analysis." J. Allergy Clin Immunol, Vol. 95:3, pp. 672-676, March. [68-A]

Vander Zwaag, Mason, Beverly Joyner, and John Runyan. 1980. "Cost of Chronic Disease Care." J Chron Dis, Vol. 33, pp. 713-720. [71-C]

West, Diane. 1998. "Property & Casualty/Risk & Benefits Management: Link Probed Between Health Care Costs & Employee Education." National Underwriters via NewsEdge Corporation, March 3. [114-CI]

White, Jane V. 1991. "Risk Factors for Poor Nutritional Status in Older Americans." AFP, Vol. 44:6, pp. 2087-2097, December. [74-E]

Wood, Robert A., (interview). 1997. "Hopkins Q&A: Explaining Growth in Asthma Cases." The InteliHealth News, ©The Johns Hopkins University, July l. [79-A]

Yeatts, Dale E., Sheila Ray, Noel List, and Benjamin Duggar. 1991. "Financing Geriatric Programs In Community Health Centers." Public Health Reports, Vol. 106:4, pp. 375-383, July- August. [80-E]